Summary table of psychosocial steps
Step 1 - Trust Against Mistrust
Step 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Step 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt
Step 4 - Industry versus inferiority
Step 5 - Identity and confusion
Step 6 - Intimacy versus isolation
Step 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation
Step 8 - Integrity vs. Despair
Let's take a closer look at the context and the different stages that make up Erikson's psychosocial theory.
What is psychosocial development?
What exactly is Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality developed in several stages. Contrary to Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson's theory describes the impact of social experience throughout life. Erikson was interested in how interaction and social relations played a role in the development and growth of human beings.
Each stage of Erikson's theory builds on the previous steps and paves the way for subsequent developmental periods. At every stage, Erikson thought that people were going through a conflict that was a turning point in development. According to Erikson, these conflicts are centered either on the development of psychological quality or on the lack of development of this quality. During these periods, the potential for personal growth is high, but the potential for failure is also high.
If people succeed in managing the conflict, they emerge from the scene with psychological forces that will serve them well for the rest of their lives. If they do not manage these conflicts effectively, they may not develop the essential skills needed to gain a strong sense of self.
Erikson also believed that the sense of competence motivates behaviors and actions. Each step of Erikson's theory is to become proficient in one area of life. If the scene is well managed, the person will feel a sense of control, sometimes called self-strength or self-quality. If the stadium is poorly managed, the person will emerge with a feeling of inadequacy in this aspect of development.
Psychosocial Stage 1 - Confidence vs. Mistrust
The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is between birth and the age of one and is the most basic stage of life.
Since the infant is totally dependent, the development of trust is based on the reliability and quality of the caregivers. At this stage of development, the child is entirely dependent on the adults who help him with everything he needs to survive, including food, love, warmth, security and education. All. If a caregiver fails to provide adequate care and love, the child will eventually feel that they can not trust the adults in their lives or rely on them.
If a child succeeds in developing trust, he will feel safe in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or reject contribute to a sense of distrust of the children in their care. If you do not develop trust, fear and belief that the world is incoherent and unpredictable are created.
Of course, no child will develop a sense of 100% confidence or 100% doubt. Erikson was convinced that the success of development was to find a balance between the two parties. When this happens, children gain hope, which Erikson has described as an openness to experience tempered by a certain mistrust that the danger may be present.
Psychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during infancy and aims at children to gain a greater sense of personal control.
At this stage of development, children are just starting to gain some independence. They begin to take basic actions themselves and make simple decisions about what they prefer. By allowing children to make choices and take control, parents and caretakers can help children develop a sense of independence.
Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was an essential part of this process. However, Erikson's reasoning was very different from Freud's. Erikson believed that learning to control one's bodily functions created a sense of control and a sense of independence.
Other important events include increased control over food choices, toy preferences and clothing choices.
Successful children feel secure and confident, while those who do not do so are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt. Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy, shame and doubt would lead to the will, which is the belief that children can act intentionally, within reasonable and reasonable limits.
Psychosocial Step 3 - Initiative vs Guilt
The third stage of psychosocial development takes place during the preschool years.
At this stage of psychosocial development, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through direct play and other social interactions.
Successful children at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills end up with feelings of guilt, self-doubt and lack of initiative.
When an ideal balance between individual initiative and the will to work with others is reached, the quality of the ego known as the goal appears.
Psychosocial Stage 4 - Industry versus inferiority
The fourth psychosocial stage takes place during the first years of school, between 5 and 11 years old.
Through social interaction, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. Children who are encouraged and praised by parents and teachers develop a sense of competence and confidence in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from their parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to succeed.
Balancing successfully at this stage of psychosocial development leads to the so-called competence force, in which children develop a conviction of their abilities to manage the tasks assigned to them.
Psychosocial Stage 5 - Identity and Confusion
The fifth psychosocial stage takes place during the often turbulent years of adolescence. This stage plays a vital role in developing a sense of personal identity that will continue to influence behavior and development throughout life.
In adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self. Those who receive appropriate encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and feelings of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future.
When psychologists talk about identity, they refer to all beliefs, ideals, and values that help shape and guide a person's behavior. Successfully completing this step leads to loyalty, which Erikson has described as an ability to live up to the standards and expectations of society.
Although Erikson believes that each stage of psychosocial development is important, he has placed particular emphasis on the development of ego identity. The identity of the ego is the self-conscious sense that we develop through social interaction and become central to the stage of psychosocial development between identity and confusion.
According to Erikson, the identity of our ego is constantly changing because of the new experiences and information we gain in our daily interactions with others. With our new experiences, we also face challenges that can help or hinder the development of identity.
Our personal identity gives each of us an integrated and coherent sense of self that lives on throughout our lives. Our sense of personal identity is shaped by our experiences and interactions with others, and it is that identity that guides our actions, beliefs and behaviors as we grow older.
Psychosocial Stage 6 - Intimacy versus isolation
This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people explore personal relationships.
Erikson thought it was vital that people develop close and engaged relationships with others. Those who succeed at this stage will create lasting and secure relationships.
Remember that each step builds on the skills learned in the previous steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important to developing intimate relationships. Studies have shown that people who have a bad sense of self tend to have less engaged relationships and are more likely to suffer from emotional isolation, loneliness and depression.
The successful resolution of this step leads to the virtue called love. It is characterized by the ability to build lasting and meaningful relationships with others.
Psychosocial Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation
As adults, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and our family.
Those who succeed in this phase will have the feeling of contributing to the world by being active at home and in their community. Those who fail to acquire this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world.
Care is the virtue obtained when this step is managed successfully. Being proud of your accomplishments, watching your children become adults and developing a sense of oneness with your life partner are important accomplishments of this stage.
Psychosocial Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair
The last psychosocial stage occurs in old age and focuses on thinking about life.
At this stage of development, people look at the events in their lives and determine whether they are satisfied with the life they have lived or regret what they have done.
Step 1: childhood (birth to 18 months)
Basic conflict: trust against mistrust
Important Events: Food
Outcome: During the first stage of psychosocial development, children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
Step 2: Early childhood (2 to 3 years)
Fundamental conflict: autonomy against shame and doubt
Important events: training in cleanliness
Result: Children must develop a sense of personal control over their physical abilities and a sense of independence. Potty training plays an important role in helping children develop this sense of autonomy. Children who struggle and who are ashamed of their accidents can be left without personal control. Success at this stage of psychosocial development leads to feelings of autonomy, failure to feelings of shame and doubt.
Step 3: Preschool (3 to 5 years)
Fundamental Conflict: Guilty Initiative
Important Events: Exploration
Result: Children must begin to assert their control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exercise too much power are frowned upon and feel guilty.
Internship: School age (6 to 11 years)
Fundamental conflict: industry versus inferiority
Important events: school
Result: Children have to cope with new social and educational demands. Success breeds a sense of competence, while failure breeds a feeling of inferiority.
Stage: Adolescence (12 to 18 years old)
Basic conflict: confusion between identity and role
Important events: social relations
Result: Teens must develop a sense of self and a personal identity. Success leads to the ability to stay true to oneself, while failure leads to confusion of roles and low self-esteem.
Internship: Young adult (19 to 40 years old)
Basic conflict: intimacy versus isolation
Important Events: Relationships
Result: Young adults need to develop intimate and loving relationships with others. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure leads to loneliness and isolation.
Stage: Average age (40 to 65 years)
Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Important Events: Work and parenthood
Result: Adults need to create or maintain things that will survive, often with children or creating positive change for others. Success breeds feelings of utility and fulfillment, while failure entails superficial involvement in the world.
Stage: Maturity (65 to the death)
Basic Conflict: Integrity of Self vs Despair
Important events: reflection on life
Result: Erikson's theory differs from many others because it concerns lifelong development, including old age. Older people need to look back on life and feel fulfilled. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure brings regret, bitterness, and despair. At this point, people are thinking about the events in their lives and taking stock. Those who remember a life that they feel are well lived will feel satisfied and ready to face the end of their lives with a sense of peace. Those who look back and feel only regret will rather be afraid that their lives will end without doing the things they feel they should have.
Erikson's theory also has its limits and its critics. What types of experiences are needed to succeed each step? How does a person move from one stage to the next? One of the main weaknesses of psychosocial theory is that the exact mechanisms of conflict resolution and transition from one stage to another are not well described or developed. The theory does not specify exactly what kind of experience is needed at each stage to resolve conflicts and move on to the next step.
One of the strengths of psychosocial theory is that it provides a broad framework for seeing development throughout life. It also allows us to emphasize the social nature of human beings and the important influence that social relations have on development.
The researchers found evidence to support Erikson's ideas on identity and further identified different sub-stages of identity formation. Some research also suggests that people who form a strong personal identity as a teenager are better able to form intimate relationships early in adulthood.
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